CORPORATE-NGO PARTNERSHIP FOR SUCCESSFUL CSR PROGRAMS

This article is written by Ananya V. Mehra of Amity Law School, Noida, an intern under Legal Vidhiya

ABSTRACT

This research article will examine the dynamic relationship between corporations and NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), where the emphasis will be on the role of their relationship in successful CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) programs. The article will go through a comprehensive understanding of CSR evolution, explore the role of NGOs in CSR initiatives, analyse the motives for corporate-NGO partnerships, examine the benefits from such collaborations and the best practices, going into case studies of successful collaborations. At last, the article will identify the challenges faced by both the entities in these partnerships.

KEYWORDS

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Collaboration, Partnership, CSR Programs.

INTRODUCTION

In the contemporary landscape shaped by global challenges and heightened societal expectations, the nexus between business and social responsibility has evolved into a vital focus for organizations seeking a positive impact beyond their immediate operations. CSR has transitioned from a discretionary practice to a strategic imperative, acknowledging the necessity for corporations to contribute to societal well-being and environmental sustainability. This study aims to explore the intricacies of Corporate-NGO partnerships, revealing essential elements for successful CSR initiatives. As corporations navigate societal and environmental challenges, collaboration with NGOs emerges as a means to leverage expertise, resources, and community networks. The research seeks to uncover motivations, challenges, and strategies through case studies, offering actionable insights to shape best practices and enhance CSR effectiveness. Against the background of unprecedented global challenges, the study scrutinizes innovative approaches in Corporate-NGO partnerships to address issues like climate change and social inequality, considering legal, ethical, and regulatory frameworks. Ultimately, the research aspires to contribute to the expanding knowledge on CSR, emphasizing the transformative potential inherent in impactful and sustainable Corporate-NGO collaborations.

OVERVIEW OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)

India’s rich historical background reveals a longstanding commitment of businesses to social causes, transitioning from traditional charity to the contemporary concept of CSR. Originating in the late 1800s, these practices initially revolved around philanthropy and welfare, influenced by religious beliefs. As the 1900s unfolded, CSR evolved to include charitable contributions, employee well-being, and community service. Post-Independence, JRD Tata advocated for businesses to play a direct role in societal welfare, signalling a shift towards broader social responsibility. This transformation gave rise to initiatives like the Tata Iron and Steel Company’s community development, shaping CSR practices within major Indian corporations.

This historical journey highlights the transformation of CSR from conventional charity to an integral aspect of enterprise management, influencing present-day CSR practices both in India and globally. The term “corporate social performance,” introduced by S. Prakash Sethi, delineates three levels of corporate behavior: “social obligation,” “social responsibility,” and “social responsiveness.”[1]

Towards the end of the 20th century, there was a departure from traditional philanthropy, with businesses increasingly engaging directly in societal development. This shift was driven by internal corporate intentions and external pressures to meet heightened governmental and public expectations.

Internationally and in India, there is a growing recognition that business success is intertwined with contributing to societal well-being, especially given significant disparities in income, standards, and socio-economic status in India. Narayana Murthy, the founder of Infosys, stressed that social responsibility should aim to maximize shareholder value while ensuring fairness to all stakeholders.[2] The Commission of the European Communities emphasized that social responsibility extends beyond legal compliance, necessitating investments in human capital, the environment, and stakeholder relationships.

Observations indicate that CSR practices in India have evolved from a focus on institutional building, such as education, research, and culture, to a current emphasis on community development through diverse projects. Furthermore, global influences and increased community engagement have led to a noticeable shift. While CSR efforts predominantly centre on community development, they are progressively becoming more strategic, aligning with business objectives rather than solely philanthropic goals. Many companies now thoroughly document their CSR initiatives on official websites, annual reports, sustainability reports, and dedicated CSR publications.

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF NGOs IN CSR

NGOs, with strong community connections, excel in understanding local needs, enabling them to design and implement relevant and sustainable CSR projects. Collaborating with businesses, NGOs contribute expertise to address issues like education and the environment, fostering positive social change. They build trust, monitor CSR impact, and challenge businesses to improve practices, enhancing accountability. In essence, NGOs play a crucial role in CSR, facilitating effective partnerships with businesses to address social and environmental challenges, tackling issues such as poverty alleviation, health, gender equality, and disaster relief.

Several advantages stem from engaging NGOs in CSR initiatives:

• NGOs possess a comprehensive grasp of the local context, needs, and challenges of the communities they serve, enabling tailored interventions.[3]
• With access to vulnerable and marginalized groups, NGOs ensure that the benefits of CSR initiatives extend to those who need them most.
• NGOs boast proven track records in executing successful and innovative projects, providing evidence-based results and impact assessments.
• Enjoying the trust and credibility of stakeholders, NGOs facilitate dialogue and collaboration between businesses, governments, and civil society.
• Equipped with the resources and capacity to scale up and replicate successful models, NGOs leverage their networks and partnerships to amplify impact.

NGOs are valuable allies for businesses in fulfilling CSR obligations, contributing significantly to positive social and environmental change. Collaboration enhances businesses’ reputation, brand value, and customer loyalty. Serving as intermediaries between businesses and key stakeholders, NGOs play a significant role in CSR. With a proven track record in championing social and environmental causes, NGOs have credibility and trust among beneficiaries, donors, government, and media. Acting as liaisons, NGOs help businesses communicate their CSR vision, goals, and accomplishments transparently, collecting feedback and encouraging stakeholder participation. NGOs also assist in monitoring and evaluating CSR impact, ensuring credible and transparent reporting of results and challenges.

Collaborating with NGOs allows businesses to enhance their reputation and brand value by showcasing dedication to society and the environment. Positive publicity and recognition generated by NGOs benefit businesses engaged in CSR initiatives, leveraging trust and goodwill for increased customer loyalty, employee engagement, investor confidence, and government relations. NGOs play a crucial role in elevating businesses’ reputation by acting as credible intermediaries.

NGOs oversee transparent, efficient, and impactful CSR implementation, upholding legal, ethical, and social standards. They employ compliance and accountability mechanisms, including legal registration, certifications, and approvals. NGOs maintain meticulous records, conduct audits, and submit regular reports to stakeholders, ensuring judicious use of CSR funds and demonstrating impact. Periodic evaluations, feedback collection, and stakeholder engagement contribute to measuring outcomes, identifying challenges, and fostering collaboration. Effective communication builds trust and credibility, guaranteeing transparency, efficiency, and impact in CSR initiatives, bolstering NGOs’ reputation and value as CSR partners.

REASONS FOR CORPORATE-NGO PARTNERSHIP

Corporate-NGO partnerships bring together corporations and non-governmental organizations to tackle shared social or environmental issues, leveraging their respective strengths. These collaborations enhance brand recognition and reputation for businesses, aligning with meaningful causes.[4] The benefits include improved customer loyalty, trust, and employee engagement, fostering a commitment to social responsibility. These partnerships also drive innovation and competitiveness by introducing diverse perspectives to address challenges. Strengthening stakeholder relationships, businesses gain influence and positive connections with governments, regulators, media, and communities.[5]

Corporate-NGO partnerships are formed to jointly address social and environmental issues, managing risks and seizing opportunities for mutual benefit. Collaboration helps mitigate common risks like climate change and human rights violations by leveraging local knowledge and networks.[6] These partnerships also create positive impacts, such as improving livelihoods, empowering women, enhancing education, and conserving biodiversity.[7] Businesses partnering with NGOs gain access to innovation, leading to novel solutions, products, or markets.

Corporate-NGO partnerships serve as a means for both entities to access funds, expertise, resources, connections, and markets, enhancing their ability to achieve shared goals. Collaboration involves pooling financial resources for projects addressing social and environmental causes, with corporations providing additional funding. Mutual sharing of resources, such as technology and networks, supports operations[8], exemplified by Coca-Cola and WWF collaborating on water conservation. Partnerships also facilitate building connections with stakeholders, aiding corporations in engaging with governments or communities. Additionally, collaborations open new markets for products or services aligned with social or environmental preferences, as seen in the collaboration between Unilever and Oxfam.

Corporate-NGO partnerships serve as a strategic avenue for enduring and transformative change by combining their strengths and skills.[9] Collaboration allows them to collectively address root causes of social and environmental issues, preventing duplication and conflict. By aligning objectives, corporations and NGOs can design effective solutions, leveraging resources and influence. The partnership fosters synergies, coherence, and mutual learning. Corporations benefit from NGOs’ experience, while NGOs gain insights from corporate innovation. The collaboration enhances sustainability by overcoming operational challenges and risks, with corporations aiding NGOs in funding diversification and governance improvement.

Corporate-NGO partnerships offer a strategic avenue for gaining a competitive advantage and differentiation through shared value and positive societal impact.[10] Collaboration distinguishes both parties from peers, attracting increased support and recognition from stakeholders. Corporates and NGOs collaborate to generate economic and social value aligned with their core business and benefiting society. For example, Nestlé and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies improved water, sanitation, and hygiene in rural communities, supporting Nestlé’s operations. By addressing global challenges like UN Sustainable Development Goals, corporations demonstrate responsibility, while NGOs enhance credibility through influential business partnerships.[11] This collaboration allows entities to stand out by associating with causes resonating with customers and employees, reinforcing brand image and reputation.

Corporate-NGO partnerships strategically enhance employee motivation, retention, and attraction by providing volunteering, learning, and development opportunities. Collaboration allows corporations and NGOs to empower employees through volunteering for social and environmental causes, fostering new skills and positive impact. Knowledge exchange and capacity building among employees contribute to innovation and collaboration, illustrated by IBM and the American Red Cross. Additionally, partnerships support employee development through coaching, mentoring, and leadership programs, as seen in Accenture and CARE collaboration.

Corporate-NGO partnerships strategically enhance stakeholder engagement and trust by showcasing commitment to social and environmental causes. Collaboration allows corporations and NGOs to communicate with various stakeholders, aligning goals and strategies based on stakeholder needs and feedback. Demonstrating dedication to these causes establishes and enhances credibility and reputation, setting businesses and NGOs apart from competitors. Ultimately, these partnerships prove to be a strategic approach for strengthening stakeholder relationships, fostering trust, and gaining loyalty, advocacy, and support.

BENEFITS OF CORPORATE-NGO PARTNERSHIPS FOR CSR PROGRAMS

Corporate-NGO partnerships in CSR programs offer businesses a valuable avenue to achieve their CSR objectives by tapping into the expertise, networks, and credibility of NGOs in addressing social and environmental issues. NGOs possess extensive knowledge and experience in collaborating with diverse stakeholders, including communities, governments, and donors, to tackle complex challenges like poverty, health, education, and climate change. Partnering with NGOs allows businesses to gain access to insights, resources, and connections, leveraging the NGOs’ established reputation and public trust. This collaboration enables businesses to design and implement more impactful CSR programs aligned with their core values and strategic goals. For instance, Coca-Cola collaborated with WWF to safeguard crucial freshwater river resources which is essential for the company’s operations and community service.[12]

Another benefit of Corporate-NGO partnerships in CSR programs is that they can offer advantages to NGOs by providing them with financial support, technical expertise, and access to new audiences and markets. NGOs often grapple with challenges such as limited funding, capacity, and visibility, hindering their ability to expand their impact and reach more beneficiaries. Collaborating with corporations allows NGOs to access additional financial resources, knowledge, and exposure, enhancing their operations, innovation, and sustainability. This collaboration also enables NGOs to diversify their donor base, broaden their network of partners, and increase public awareness and advocacy. Save the Children collaborated with Proctor & Gamble to create new markets for sanitary products in developing countries, improving the health and hygiene of women and girls.[13]

A third advantage of corporate-NGO partnerships in CSR programs is the mutual positive impact they generate, including improved brand image, heightened customer loyalty, increased innovation, and lowered operational costs. Through collaboration with NGOs, businesses showcase their dedication to social and environmental causes, thereby enhancing their reputation and fostering goodwill among stakeholders. This commitment also builds customer loyalty, as consumers increasingly prefer brands aligning with their values and supporting relevant causes. Corporate-NGO partnerships stimulate innovation by facilitating the exchange of perspectives, experiences, and best practices, leading to co-created solutions for shared challenges. This collaborative approach can result in reduced operational costs as businesses leverage the efficiency, effectiveness, and scalability of NGO interventions, optimizing resource, energy, and waste management. Lifebuoy collaborated with NGOs to advocate for hand hygiene, reducing disease incidence, saving lives, and cutting healthcare costs.

A fourth advantage of corporate-NGO partnerships in CSR programs is their contribution to society at large by creating shared value, driving social change, and advancing sustainable development goals. Through shared value creation, these partnerships can yield economic and social benefits, such as increased productivity, poverty reduction, improved health, and enhanced environmental quality for both businesses and society. By promoting social change, corporate-NGO collaborations influence the attitudes, behaviours, and policies of stakeholders like consumers, employees, governments, and civil society to address the root causes of social and environmental issues. For instance, Cargill and CARE, in a partnership spanning over 50 years, focus on supporting rural agricultural communities and achieving SDGs through transformational change. Danone and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands collaborate to restore natural ecosystems, benefiting disadvantaged rural communities and biodiversity.

CASE STUDIES OF CORPORATIONS AND NGOs WORKING TOGETHER EFFECTIVELY

Coca-Cola and WWF

The Coca-Cola-WWF partnership, established in 2007, is another example of a corporate-NGO collaboration addressing social and environmental concerns. With a primary focus on conserving water resources and improving water management practices, the partnership safeguards and restores freshwater ecosystems in crucial regions, optimizes water efficiency, and minimizes the water footprint across Coca-Cola’s operations. Efforts also include raising awareness on water conservation and stewardship. The collaboration reduces water risk and vulnerability for both Coca-Cola and WWF, benefiting millions of individuals and wildlife dependent on freshwater resources. It fosters innovation, learning, and collaboration, enhancing the reputations, credibility, and influence of both entities in advancing water sustainability.[14]

Unilever and Oxfam

The Unilever-Oxfam partnership, established in 2010, exemplifies a corporate-NGO collaboration focused on accessing funds, expertise, resources, connections, and markets to achieve their shared objectives. Centred on supporting small-scale producers and suppliers in Unilever’s product value chain, the partnership involves researching social and environmental impacts, developing action plans, and sharing best practices for inclusive and sustainable business models. This collaboration has facilitated both entities in securing funds from donors like the Ford Foundation, boosting Unilever’s social investment initiatives. It has also allowed Oxfam to leverage Unilever’s expertise in marketing, logistics, and innovation, enhancing overall effectiveness. The partnership provides resources, stakeholder connections, and market opportunities for both, showcasing a collaborative model that creates shared value while meeting their distinct goals.[15]

Cargill and CARE

The partnership between Cargill and CARE, initiated in 2008, is a prime example of a corporate-NGO collaboration focused on fostering enduring and transformative change. With the overarching goal of enhancing food and nutrition security, increasing farmer productivity, and strengthening local communities, the collaboration empowers women in program villages across India, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, and Egypt. This has led to women taking on active leadership roles and establishing their own savings and loans programs. The partnership also supports farmer cooperatives and associations in West Africa and Central America, resulting in improved yields, quality, incomes, and increased access to inputs, services, and markets. Efforts extend to enhancing the resilience of rural communities in India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, involving disaster preparedness plans, livelihood diversification, and increased adaptive capacity. The collaboration benefits both Cargill and CARE by combining technical expertise, market access, and innovation with local knowledge, community engagement, and social inclusion. It strengthens staff capacity through learning and development opportunities and increases both partners’ influence and leadership in advancing food security, sustainable agriculture, and rural development. [16]

Ben & Jerry and Fairtrade

The partnership between Ben & Jerry’s and Fairtrade, initiated in 2005, exemplifies a strategic collaboration between a corporation and an NGO to achieve a competitive advantage through shared value and positive societal impact. Focused on advocating for fair trade practices, the collaboration ensures fair prices, decent working conditions, and environmental sustainability for farmers and workers in developing nations. This partnership involves activities such as sourcing Fairtrade ingredients for Ben & Jerry’s ice cream, supporting fair trade cooperatives, and actively raising awareness through events and advocacy. The collaboration has mutually benefited both entities by enhancing producers’ livelihoods, improving product quality, and positively impacting the environment. Additionally, it has differentiated both partners, strengthening their brands and attracting socially conscious customers and employees. [17]

CHALLENGES IN CORPORATE-NGO COLLABORATIONS

Corporate-NGO collaborations serve as strategic partnerships between businesses and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with the shared goal of addressing social and environmental challenges while deriving mutual benefits. However, these collaborations encounter various challenges, including disparities in organizational cultures, goals, expectations, and capacities, as well as issues related to trust, transparency, accountability, and the measurement and communication of impact and value within the partnership.

To surmount these challenges, several key strategies can be employed. Firstly, embracing the differences and complementarities between partners is crucial. Rather than viewing disparities as obstacles, partners should recognize them as opportunities for mutual learning and the leveraging of respective strengths. For instance, the collaboration between the Coca-Cola Company and WWF to safeguard vital freshwater river basins exemplifies the synergy between the company’s global reach and water management expertise and the NGO’s scientific knowledge and conservation experience.[18]

Another effective strategy involves appointing a dedicated champion to facilitate the partnership and make decisions. This individual or team acts as a bridge between partners, coordinates activities, resolves conflicts, and ensures accountability. Chiquita Brands’ collaboration with the Rainforest Alliance to cultivate environmentally friendly bananas relied on a committed senior executive from Chiquita who possessed the authority to make decisions.[19]

Furthermore, integrating collaboration into the core business strategy and aligning it with the mission and vision of both partners enhances the sustainability and impact of the partnership. McDonald’s partnership with the Environmental Defense Fund, aimed at reducing the environmental impact of packaging, exemplifies alignment with the company’s strategic goal of cost reduction and reputation enhancement, as well as the NGO’s objective of minimizing waste and greenhouse gas emissions.[20]

Lastly, planning for the partnership to evolve over time and adapt to changing contexts and needs fosters resilience and innovation. A flexible and responsive partnership that addresses evolving stakeholder needs and environmental dynamics is more likely to endure.

Incorporating these strategies enhances the innovation, effectiveness, and sustainability of corporate-NGO collaborations. By working collaboratively, businesses and NGOs can forge lasting social change and mutual value for themselves and society.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, this research article has thoroughly examined Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in shaping and implementing CSR initiatives. It provided an overview of CSR, highlighted the importance of NGOs, explored reasons for corporate-NGO partnerships, and emphasized the associated benefits. Real-world case studies illustrated successful collaborations, while challenges in such partnerships were acknowledged.

As we navigate the present global landscape marked by interconnectedness and escalating social and environmental concerns, the findings of this article gain relevance. In addressing challenges mentioned in this work, it offers valuable insights for stakeholders. The effective partnerships showcased serve as a blueprint for contemporary collaborations that contribute to societal well-being and environmental sustainability. In a world where corporate responsibility is essential, this research provides guidance for building impactful partnerships to work towards a shared vision of a better, more sustainable future.

REFERENCES

1. The 4^th Wheel Social Impact, (2022), The Role of NGOs in CSR, (Accessed: January 15, 2024), https://the4thwheel.com/role-of-ngos-in-csr/
2. Bhojwani, Aarti, Corpbiz, (2023), Understanding CSR for NGOs, (Accessed: January 15, 2024), https://corpbiz.io/learning/understanding-csr-for-ngos/
3. Ek Sankalp, Role of NGO in Corporate Social Responsibility Activities, (Accessed: January 16, 2024), https://eksankalp.com/role-of-ngo-in-corporate-social-responsibility-activities/
4. India CSR, (2023), CSR Funds for NGOs: How to Get, How to Plan, Here are Top 10 Practical Tips,(Accessed: January 16, 2024), https://indiacsr.in/csr-funds-for-ngos-get-plan-top-10-practical-tips/
5. Resonance, The Guide to Cross-Sector Collaboration, (Accessed: January 16, 2024), https://www.resonanceglobal.com/the-guide-to-cross-sector-collaboration
6. Dezan Shira & Associates, India Briefing, (2020), Corporate Social Responsibility in India, https://www.india-briefing.com/news/corporate-social-responsibility-india-5511.html/
7.  Sue George, The Guardian, Corporations and NGOs working in Partnership to Create Social Change, (Accessed: January 16, 2024), https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/dec/11/corporations-and-ngos-working-in-partnership-to-create-social-change
8. Efficient India, (2023), NGOs and CSR: Partnerships for Positive Change, (Accessed: January 17, 2024), https://efficientindia.org.in/ngos-and-csr-partnerships-for-positive-change/
9. Sanaa Shaikh, The CSR Journal, (2022), Building Strong Corporate-NGO Partnerships, (Accessed: January 17, 2024), https://thecsrjournal.in/building-strong-corporate-ngo-partnerships-united-way-mumbai/

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[1] Mehrnaz Ashrafi, Gregory M. Magnan, Michelle Adams, Tony R. Walker, Understanding the Conceptual Evolutionary Path and Theoretical Underpinnings of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability, MDPI, (January 21, 2020), https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/3/760#:~:text=In%20Sethi’s%20schema%2C%20social%20obligation,%E2%80%9D%3B%20and%20social%20responsiveness%2C%20which

[2] The Economic Times, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/good-governance-is-about-maximising-shareholder-value-n-r-narayana-murthy/articleshow/58184919.cms?from=mdr (last visited January 17, 2024)

[3] Norhasni Zainal Abiddin, Irmohizam Ibrahim, Shahrul Azuwar Abdul Aziz, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Their Part towards Sustainable Community Development, MDPI, (last visited January 17, 2024), https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/8/4386

[4] Emma Howard, 10 Things You Need to Know About Corporate-NGO Partnerships, The Guardian, (November 24, 2014), https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/nov/24/10-things-corporate-ngo-partnerships

[5] Shilpa Pai Mizar, Successful corporate-NGO partnerships, Financial Management, (April 1, 2019), https://www.fm-magazine.com/issues/2019/apr/successful-corporate-ngo-partnerships.html

[6] ibid

[7] Zahid Torres-Rahman, Michelle Grogg and Marcela Hahn, Realizing the SDGs Through Transformational Corporate-NGO Partnerships, Stanford Social Innovation Review, (November 2, 2018), https://ssir.org/articles/entry/realizing_the_sdgs_through_transformational_corporate_ngo_partnerships

[8] Bridging the Gap: How Corporate-NGO Partnerships Can Solve Social Issues, Annamrita, (April 27, 2023), https://annamrita.org/2023/04/27/bridging-the-gap-how-corporate-ngo-partnerships-can-solve-social-issues/

[9] Bridging the Gap: How Corporate-NGO Partnerships Can Solve Social Issues, Annamrita, (April 27, 2023), https://annamrita.org/2023/04/27/bridging-the-gap-how-corporate-ngo-partnerships-can-solve-social-issues/

[10] Sylvaine Poret, Corporate–NGO Partnerships through Sustainability Labeling Schemes: Motives and Risks, MDPI, (May 11, 2019), https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/9/2689

[11] Niloufar Fallah Shayan, Nasrin Mohabbati-Kalejahi, Sepideh Alavi, Mohammad Ali Zahed, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), MDPI, (January 21, 2022), https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/3/1222

[12] The Coca‑Cola Company and World Wildlife Fund Expand Global Partnership, Announce New Environmental Goals, The Coca-Cola Company, (September 7, 2013), https://www.coca-colacompany.com/media-center/coca-cola-and-wwf-expand-global-partnership

[13] Marni Sommer, Jennifer S. Hirsch, Constance Nathanson, Richard G. Parker, Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue, National Library of Medicine, (July 2015), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4463372/

[14] Sylvaine Poret, Corporate-NGO Partnerships in CSR Activities: Why and How?, HAL Open Science, (April 21, 2017), https://hal.science/hal-01512199/document

[15] R Wilshaw, How Oxfam Has Worked with Unilever to Enhance its Social Impact, Oxfam Digital Repository, (2021), https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/621120/cs-unilever-social-impact-220121-en.pdf;jsessionid=4D4B49F6A7FED33EABA56DA7FC886594?sequence=1

[16] A Decade of Impact: CARE-Cargill Partnership, Cargill, https://www.cargill.com/doc/1432128050867/cargill-care-a-decade-of-impact-report-pdf.pdf

[17] Fairtrade, Ben & Jerry’s, https://www.benjerry.com/values/issues-we-care-about/fairtrade

[18] Dr. Sidharth Jain, Dr. Vivek Mittal, A Study of Corporate-NGO Partnership for Successful CSR Programs, Vol-10 Issue-2, Juni Khyat Journal, (2020), http://junikhyatjournal.in/no_1_feb_20/15.pdf

[19] ibid

[20] ibid

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