Introduction
The requirement that the expenses of pollution should be met by the individual who caused
the pollution is established by the polluter-pays principle. The definition of the principle and
how it applies to specific cases and circumstances are still up for debate, especially in light of
the type and scope of the costs they cover as well as the few instances where they might not.
Despite this, the principle has gained widespread acceptance.
It is closely related to the laws governing environmental civil and state liability, the legality
of some state subsidies, the recent recognition by developed nations in a number of
instruments of their “responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable
development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment,” as well
as the financial and economic aspects of sustainable development.
The polluter-pays principle has practical implications for how economic burdens are
distributed in regard to activities that harm the environment, particularly in terms of liability,
the employment of economic instruments, and the application of regulations governing
competition and subsidy.
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